-    def _refresh_display_area(self, rectangle):
-        """Loop through dirty rectangles and redraw that area."""
-        img = self._buffer.convert("RGB").crop(astuple(rectangle))
-        img = img.rotate(self._rotation, expand=True)
-
-        display_rectangle = self._apply_rotation(rectangle)
-        img = img.crop(astuple(self._clip(display_rectangle)))
-
-        data = numpy.array(img).astype("uint16")
-        color = (
-            ((data[:, :, 0] & 0xF8) << 8)
-            | ((data[:, :, 1] & 0xFC) << 3)
-            | (data[:, :, 2] >> 3)
-        )
-
-        pixels = bytes(
-            numpy.dstack(((color >> 8) & 0xFF, color & 0xFF)).flatten().tolist()
-        )
-
-        self._send(
-            self._set_column_command,
-            self._encode_pos(
-                display_rectangle.x1 + self._colstart,
-                display_rectangle.x2 + self._colstart - 1,
-            ),
-        )
-        self._send(
-            self._set_row_command,
-            self._encode_pos(
-                display_rectangle.y1 + self._rowstart,
-                display_rectangle.y2 + self._rowstart - 1,
-            ),
-        )
-
-        self._core.begin_transaction()
-        self._send_pixels(pixels)
-        self._core.end_transaction()
-
-    def _clip(self, rectangle):
-        if self._rotation in (90, 270):
-            width, height = self._height, self._width
-        else:
-            width, height = self._width, self._height
-
-        rectangle.x1 = max(rectangle.x1, 0)
-        rectangle.y1 = max(rectangle.y1, 0)
-        rectangle.x2 = min(rectangle.x2, width)
-        rectangle.y2 = min(rectangle.y2, height)
-
-        return rectangle
-
-    def _apply_rotation(self, rectangle):
-        """Adjust the rectangle coordinates based on rotation"""
-        if self._rotation == 90:
-            return RectangleStruct(
-                self._height - rectangle.y2,
-                rectangle.x1,
-                self._height - rectangle.y1,
-                rectangle.x2,
-            )
-        if self._rotation == 180:
-            return RectangleStruct(
-                self._width - rectangle.x2,
-                self._height - rectangle.y2,
-                self._width - rectangle.x1,
-                self._height - rectangle.y1,
-            )
-        if self._rotation == 270:
-            return RectangleStruct(
-                rectangle.y1,
-                self._width - rectangle.x2,
-                rectangle.y2,
-                self._width - rectangle.x1,
+    def _refresh_area(self, area) -> bool:
+        """Loop through dirty areas and redraw that area."""
+        # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
+
+        clipped = Area()
+        # Clip the area to the display by overlapping the areas.
+        # If there is no overlap then we're done.
+        if not self._core.clip_area(area, clipped):
+            return True
+
+        rows_per_buffer = clipped.height()
+        pixels_per_word = 32 // self._core.colorspace.depth
+        pixels_per_buffer = clipped.size()
+
+        # We should have lots of memory
+        buffer_size = clipped.size() // pixels_per_word
+
+        subrectangles = 1
+        # for SH1107 and other boundary constrained controllers
+        #      write one single row at a time
+        if self._core.sh1107_addressing:
+            subrectangles = rows_per_buffer // 8
+            rows_per_buffer = 8
+        elif clipped.size() > buffer_size * pixels_per_word:
+            rows_per_buffer = buffer_size * pixels_per_word // clipped.width()
+            if rows_per_buffer == 0:
+                rows_per_buffer = 1
+            # If pixels are packed by column then ensure rows_per_buffer is on a byte boundary
+            if (
+                self._core.colorspace.depth < 8
+                and self._core.colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row
+            ):
+                pixels_per_byte = 8 // self._core.colorspace.depth
+                if rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte != 0:
+                    rows_per_buffer -= rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte
+            subrectangles = clipped.height() // rows_per_buffer
+            if clipped.height() % rows_per_buffer != 0:
+                subrectangles += 1
+            pixels_per_buffer = rows_per_buffer * clipped.width()
+            buffer_size = pixels_per_buffer // pixels_per_word
+            if pixels_per_buffer % pixels_per_word:
+                buffer_size += 1
+        mask_length = (pixels_per_buffer // 8) + 1  # 1 bit per pixel + 1
+        remaining_rows = clipped.height()
+
+        for subrect_index in range(subrectangles):
+            subrectangle = Area(
+                clipped.x1,
+                clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * subrect_index,
+                clipped.x2,
+                clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * (subrect_index + 1),